The Types Of Parliamentary Democracies - 1930 Words

The two types of Parliamentary democracies are direct democracy, also known as consociational or consensus democracy, and representative democracy, otherwise called majoritarian democracy (Dickovick 118-120). A consensus democracy is founded on the principle that the citizens govern directly and that power is distributed between the executive and legislative branches to prevent and limit one branch from gaining too much power. An example of a consensus democracy is Switzerland, as it promotes consensus of the people, and it exhibits the factors necessary for a direct democracy. Alternatively, a majoritarian democracy is based on the principle of majority rules, and that power is concentrated and centralized. The United Kingdom is an example of a majoritarian democracy because it follows the majority rule principle and possesses all the qualities of a representative democracy. While consensus democracy and majoritarian democracies are both forms of democracy, the contrasting ap proaches to democratic rule they engage in - foremost pertaining to the ideas of distribution of political power, causes the two types of democracy to be diametrically opposite. A consociational or consensus democracy is commonly used in heterogeneous or plural societies, as a majority rule democracy would be unpredictable and hazardous in such a society. consensus democracy has its virtues in the front-end of democracy. It emphasizes the belief of the consensus of the people rather than theShow MoreRelatedcompare and contrast parliamentary and presidential system in the Caribbean835 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the Parliamentary and Presidential model of democracy. Which model do you believe is most suitable for Caribbean democracies? Parliamentary and Presidential democracies are forms of government that similar in some respects and differ in others. 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Selective Breeding of a Laborador Retriever Essay - 720 Words

Selective breeding A breed is a particular set of domestic animals or plants having uniform look and behavior, that differentiate it from other animals or plant. While as Domestication is the process whereby a population of living organisms is changed at the genetic level, through generations of selective breeding, to accentuate traits that ultimately benefit humans. The deliberate breeding of animals and other species to get required features by human beings is called selective breeding. It includes breeding methods such as inbreeding, line breeding etc. The animals that are produced are tamed, and the breeding is usually done by an expert breeder. The organism I have selected for selective breeding is a retrieve Labrador dog because†¦show more content†¦Although Lab’s tend to have great temperaments for being around a family home and children, special attention should be paid to how the puppy’s parents behave. Behavior characters can be inherited and good behavior in the pare nts can specify the future personality. The Labrador retriever is the original water dog, with a weather resistant and waterproof coat and an otter†. Its heavy body set and strong legs enable the Labrador retriever to powerfully swim and run - and frequent exercise is needed to keep the Labrador retriever dog breed healthy. Friendly and sociable, the Labrador retriever is a playful companion and a calm housedog. Labs are extremely obedient and eager to learn and have become guide dogs, explosive and drug detection dogs. The Labrador retriever is an excellent therapy dog, a growing occupation for many breeds. Labs are highly intelligent and trainable, love to play and are extremely friendly. They desire human companionship and attention and need to feel like they are part of the family to be truly happy. It is susceptible to skin allergies, epilepsy, eye diseases and joint problems. Labradors can be prone to hip and elbow dysplasia which are potentially crippling abnormalities of joint formation that can be inherited from the dog’s parents or relatives. The expected life of the Labrador retriever is 10-12 years. It needs frequent exercise to be happy and healthy. An urban or country

A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon Essay Example For Students

A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon Essay Pantheon   a  small  group  of  people  who are the most  famous,  important, and  admired  in  theirparticular  area  of  activity To say with any precision what the Pantheon meant to Hadrian and his contemporaries will probably never be possible. The words of William MacDonald, a regarded scholar of the Pantheon of our time, suggest the mystery with which this awesome and inspiring structure has traditionally been viewed. Scholars have concentrated their efforts on studying archaeological ov*dcnce and written sources which havo, in combination, provided considerable illumination respecting the structural and historical characteristics of this most impor tant surviving work of Roman architecture. Yet its moaning is still described as enigmatic and problematic.’ From 1923 when Arturo Graf suggested the Pantheon was dedicated pri marily to Saturn; to 1968 when Kjeld OeFine Licht thought it might be a monument to the gens Julia and its divine ances tors; to 1984. when Henn Stiertin viewed it as a solar temple, to 1989 when Gtangiacomo Martinos arguod that its cupola is a unique example of ideal geometry, no consensus has been achieved-2 Recently MacDonald indicated that the meaning of this extraordinary and unique structure lies—beyond its dedi cation to all the gods in its rote as the temple of Rome and a* things Roman, the Empire, and the whole world While ail these suggestions havo boon usotul to this study, this paper will attempt to pursue a different avenue of inquiry that will suggest that the Pantheona building about whose meaning even its earliest known desenber. a century after its construction. Was uncertain was designed by Hadrian for a very specific purpose His purpose in erecting In tho center of the city of Rome in an area dedicated to the cult ot the omporor not just another temple, but tho most grand, mnova tive, difficult, and complex secular temple of Roman antiquity, must have been intended to convoy to the Roman intelli gentsia it not to the Roman people a very carefully crafted and distinct meaning. In order to discover this meaning it will be necessary to review what Is now generally agreed, in order to underline that the building in its entirety was built by Hadrian and to show that it survives essentially Intact as his structure. Subsequently In reading the structure as a Pylhagorean com position that is orderly, beautiful and symbolic, it will be sug gested that a Pythagorean scheme of numbers as known and admirod in Hadrians time was used to create a sophisticated formulation that would have been better understood to con temporary observers than it can be to us today. Not only Hadrian s own Interests, but also peculiar events and circum stances m Ns life, will be brought together to suggest some reasons why Hadrian designed and such a stunning and novel structure. It is hoped that introducing this new avenue of study will suggest some dues regarding the possible original   meaning of the building and that these in turn may broaden the discussion of its particular architect, who has remained as elusive as Its meaning Ancient literary evidence offers little Information respect ing the original temple that formed part of a complex built by Marcus Vipsanius Aghppa In the Campus Martius. which con tained numerous other temples, attars and public buildings m the time of Augustus. Pliny the Elder, who saw Agrippa’s tem ple in the time of Vespasians rule, reters to It as Pantheum From his brief references, we know that this temple, complet ed in about 25 B.C.. was embellished with sculpture. Including caryatids, and figures on tho angles of the pediment in addi tion to a sculpture of Venus In the Interior. Though Appian has much to tell us about Agnppas close friendship with 0 eta via n as well as his military and political activities, he. together with Suetonius, fails to provide information about the building of the original Pantheon. Writing after its destruction. Dio Cassius (who appoars to havo boon retying partly on tradition and partly on Ns knowledge of the Pantheon as rebuilt by Hadrian, a fact of which ho was unaware) tells us that a figure of Mars accompanied that of Venus and that a statue ot Julius Caesar had also been placed inside, while statues of Augustus and Agrippa were in the pronaos; because ot his use of tho past tense, there is little reason to believe that these statues survived in Hadrians building.6 Nonetheless it Is clear that from the time of its origin this temple had a civic as well as a religious function and that Its original purpose was linked to the gens Julio. Archaeological ovidenco toils us a great deal more. Architecture Academic Reading sample task EssayA separate rectangular intermediate block as high as the entire building and as wide as the porch leads into the third geometric area, the primary space of the temple Defined by bnck and concreto structural elements and resting on a foun dation of concrete that contains targe travertine fragments, this spaco forms a large circular nng corresponding in diame ter and circumference with the formerly open paved space of Agrippa. Tho hoart of Hadrians structure is therefore clearly new in that it was not built on the foundation of any pre-exist ing building. A great cylinder rises from the circular founda tion and this m turn supports the largest domed rotunda ever built, equal in height and radius to the cylinder below. The exterior of the dome was originally covered with guttering gold in the form of gilded bronze tiles.2 while its interior, whose controlling geometry is based on a perfect central axis, is marked off by coffers that are aligned horizontally and verti cally over the sloping surface which culminates in an oculus of unprecedented dimension. Centrally located, over the interior space and poisod over the central circle in tho pavement below. the single source of light tor the entire building was ongmally crowned with an elaborate bronze, most likely also gilded, comice. Among those who have suggested the pronaos is unrelat ed to the rotunda some have considered that, because its dimensions roughly correspond with those ot the foundation of the entire temple of Agnppa below, it might mcorporato remaining parts of Agrippas temple; others have debated whether it might have been constructed at a later date. The archaeological evidence is. again, steadfast showing that the entire structure as we know it, including the temple front porch, the intermediate block and the rotunda, were all built at once and by Hadrian.23 That the new temple had noth ng to do constructionally with the old Is underlined by the tact that its orientation was reversed, obviously for practical rea sons While Agnppas temple faced south. Hadnans facade is to the north, the only available space for a forecourt and altar. The articulation ot the Interior space of the new temple makes It clear that the structure was oriented to the four cardinal directions. Not only was Hadnans the grandest temple ever built, also It was the most original in that it brought together, perhaps inspired by an idea that had earlier been demonstrat od in the Mausoleum ol Augustus. A podimentod porch and a circular construction, an event that in size, scale and grandeur was completely new tor a temple structure. There is nothing like it in Vitruvius description ot circular tem ple types, composed in the late first century B.C.25 From its exterior, the new temple incorporated the con ventional elomonts ot a monumental trabeated pedtmented temple front. Because the building was nestled between civic structures to east, west and south, the exterior view that Roman citizens enjoyed incorporated this traditional feature, crowned by a most unusual golden dome that could best be viewed from afar. Reflecting the rays of the sun In a stunning focal point for the city, this visible image, crowned with gkstenlng golden and bronze sculptures and decorations, must have been a most impressive sight. Indeed, it formed a most unusual and sumptuous Interior space of equally extra ordinary dimension which must have Inspired astonishment and awe In its early visitors. Apart from all Hadrians other constructions, this was the one where he both worshipped and held courl as Emperor.26 Since the vicissitudes of fate have granted us neither descnpbon nor mention from the cen tury of its construction, we can only assume that it continued to be known by its old name Panlheum in Hadnans time. Destiny was to prove relatively kind to the Pantheon.