In Shakespeare’s Othello, Othello Is as Much a Victim of...

Oliver Parker’s 1995 interpretation of Shakespeare’s 1600’s timeless classic Othello presents a differing construction of Othello from the original play, achieved through uses of a plethora of film devices. Both the play and the film masterfully spin a tale of romance, tragedy and death telling the fall of glory of Othello due to the acts of his ensign Iago, albeit with several differences in the presentation. Both Shakespeare and Parker explore themes of jealousy, power, and racism through the key characters of Othello and Iago. Parker utilises cutting, close-ups, mise-en-scene, music and a variety of others to bring his own in-depth dissection and construction of Othello. In the opening scenes of the play, Othello is the noble hero, he†¦show more content†¦In the entirety of the film Parker places many symbols, inferring the downfall of Othello, through clever scenic locations and the addition of his own locations, Parker is able to provide a different and fresh interpretation of Othello. In the film Parker is able to show Othello having visible seizures while showing false images of Desdemona together with Cassio, allowing the progression of Othello’s collapse to be observed, in another scene Parker places Othello in a dungeon hidden behind bars, symbolising the emergence of the dark ‘green eyed monster’ from within him. Parker integrates the plays act 3 scene 3 and turns it into a whole new entity showing the marriage of Othello and Iago, this scene is the climax of both of the play and the film with Othello succumbing to Iago’s words that Desdemona is a ‘whore’. They form a blood bond, this symbolisi ng the blood shed about to occur caused by Othello insecurities being pounced on by Iago. Parker’s film constructs a unique and unstable character of Othello, whose downfall is caused by his insecurities being preyed upon by the malicious Iago. Both Shakespeare’s and Parker’s text explore themes of power and jealousy utilising Iago and Othello as vessels for these ideas. Othello is constructed to be a honest man, whose is obsessed with power and control, without his mask of power, Iago plotting is able to bring upon his

The Hurricane Devastation Of Louisiana - 1484 Words

Introduction The people of New Orleans, Louisiana believed that it would be a storm like any other, nothing to set this Hurricane apart from the others that they had dealt with over their lives living in their beloved city below sea level. Unfortunately, that proved to not be the case and indeed it would be a storm they would remember for the rest of their lives. The impact of this storm to the people of Louisiana was felt by more than just their wallets, but by the touching and emotional tails of the residents who had the unique experience of living in the area as the worst of the storm hit. Animals, infants, children, newly weds, tourists, and the elderly were all affected by the Natural Disaster that was Hurricane Katrina as it hit New Orleans in August of 2005. Roy Calibrisi, who was 83 at the time of Katrina was a lifelong resident of New Orleans and refused to evacuate due to the storm, but eventually had to be airlifted to a hospital after suffering a heart attack while taking shelter in his home. Dr. Kiersta Kurtz-Burke was a doctor working at Charity Hospital and continued to care for her patients even as the hospital became damaged and suffered a leak in the gas lines. Most tragic, is the story of Douglas and Linda deSilvey, along with their daughter Donna. Sensing the strength of the storm they took shelter in Linda’s mother’s house, but a look out to the bay alerted Douglas that the water was too high. However, before he could warn his family, the roof of theShow MoreRelatedNatural Disasters : Causes And Impacts Of Hurricane Katrina757 Words   |  4 Pagesmany, causing injury, devastation, and fatalities. When a natural disaster occurs the feeling of uneasiness, survival, and humanity is tested during these times. Hu rricane Katrina is one of many, the deadliest, damaging, and expensive Hurricanes that struck the nation. Hurricane Katrina hit the southern coast affecting Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Louisiana on August 29, 2005. Hurricane Katrina’s powerful wind and extreme flooding took a major toll on New Orleans Louisiana. The biggest impactRead MoreTaking a Look at Hurricane Katrina615 Words   |  3 PagesHurricane Katrina will always be remembered for the devastation it caused, my close friends, the Adams family knows this better than anyone else. My family has been close friends with the Adams for nearly my whole life, the thing that stood out about them the most was their passion to help others and their obsession for the New Orleans Saints. The Adams have numerous relatives who live in Louisiana, including their parents on the father’s side. The parents live just twenty minutes south of New OrleansRead MoreThe Disaster Of Hurricane Katrina1206 Words   |  5 Pages Situation On August 29th, 2005 Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic damage and flooding in Mississippi, Louisiana, New Orleans and areas in between. It destructed the lives and homes of thousands of people, with a total of 1,883 fatalities (Hurricane Katrina Statistics Fast Facts, 2015). Hurricane Katrina left many homeless and hospitals unprepared for the challenges posed to the healthcare system as a whole. Some of these challenges included gaining access to healthcare facilities, providing expeditedRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of The United States1034 Words   |  5 PagesHurricane Katrina struck the United States on August 29, 2005; it was the costliest and deadliest hurricane to ever hit the nation. It was one of the strongest to hit the coast in the last 100 years. Katrina caused as widespread of devastation along the Gulf Coast states and cities such as Mobile, AL, Gulfport, MS and the worst being New Orleans, LA. Although many people were prepared for the hurricane, no one would im agine the damage it would cause and the many lives it would take. Katrina startedRead MoreThe Un Natural Disaster Of Hurricane Katrina1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Un-Natural Disaster of Hurricane Katrina: the Consequence of Corrupt Politicians in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina is infamous: the storm that buried the vibrant city of New Orleans under up to sixteen feet of water. Hurricane Katrina was a natural disaster, but the crimes committed against the storm’s survivors in the months prior, setting them up for devastation, were the true tragedies. Not only were the citizens of the Big Easy neglected pre-Katrina, but they remained on the back burnerRead MoreHurricane Andrew Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesHurricane Andrew Synoptic description of the disaster : On August 24th, 1992 in the state of Florida, complete destruction was the end result of Hurricane Andrew. A Hurricane that began in the Atlantic ocean at 20mph. That is almost twice the strength that normal hurricanes begin at. The peak strength of Hurricane Andrew was so strong that devices were not able to measure the winds. An approximation of the force of the winds was said to be up to 200mph. Andrew destroyed about 28,000 homesRead MoreThe Disaster Of The Hurricane Katrina1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe devastating Hurricane Katrina left Louisiana, and the rest of America, distraught. The mighty category 5 hurricane left thousands of Louisiana residents without food, water and shelter. The devastation of the storm led the levies of the flood-protecting dam to break leaving the city underwater during the catastrophe. This natural disaster will go down in American history as the worst of its kind. Although all the unfortunate natural events that made this tragedy possible, the supervision ofRead MoreThe Hurricane Devastation Of The United States933 Words   |  4 PagesThe massive hurricane that decimated large areas of the southeastern coast originated as a small category 1 hurricane. The state and federal government received lots of criticism for their minimal preparation and their ineffectual evacuation procedures. The storm shed light on the role of the government in natural disasters and its need for serious evaluation. During the first few hours of the storm, the Louisiana National Guard did not feel concerned about the approaching rainfall. Once membersRead MoreThe Most Natural Disasters That Befall Several Times A Year1523 Words   |  7 PagesHurricanes are common natural disasters that befall several times a year. Most often, their wind strength are ranked less than Category 3, however occasionally, when conditions are favourable, they can grow into gigantic storms that bring devastation to anything in its vast reach; Hurricane Katrina of 2005 is the infamous one that pertain to the above description. Description of the Event While Katrina was only ranked sixth on the record in terms of wind strength recorded in the Atlantic basin,Read MoreThe Response Of Hurricane Katrina1625 Words   |  7 Pagesattention is provided to those in hardship. A prime example of this is New Orleans when Hurricane Katrina hit. Before the hurricane hit the only time I had hear of New Orleans was if someone was speaking about doing down to Mardi Gras. The people affected by the hurricane lost a lot. Many lost their homes, tangible possessions stored in their homes, animals, and some lost their lives. Hurricane Katrina was a huge devastation to the country, but many survivors say they did not get adequate supplies, shelter

World Environment Day Free Essays

World Environment Day is celebrated each year on 5th June. The United Nations established in 1972 to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment. World Environment Day is used by the United Nations to encourage awareness of the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on World Environment Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first World Environment Day held at Stockholm, was the first time political, social and economic problems of the global environment were discussed at great length in view of taking some definitive action. World Environment Day is celebrated in many ways. Street rallies, parades, street plays create awareness about world environment. In many cities contests like poster contests, essay contests, poetry contests, slogan contests and debates are held to celebrate this event further. The main objective always is to get the people involved with the environment. Some cities have art exhibitions with art made from recycled materials. Banners are put all across the street promoting the message of World Environment Day. Tree planting is also held in some cities. Awards are given out to those neighborhoods that have made a significant effort to take care of the environment. Broadcast of public service announcements on TV and radio help to renew people’s efforts to saving the environment. Conferences are held to educate people about the efforts that can be made to preserve the environment. The World Environment Day’s agenda is to give importance to environmental issues. It hopes to empower people to become active agents promoting the cause of the environment. Change can happen only if it is affected at the community level; hence programs are held on World Environment Day that creates community consciousness. Heads of Government and Ministers of Environment deliver speeches’ advising the people of what has already been achieved and what still needs to be achieved. Some even go a step further and set up permanent government bodies that will look specifically into environmental issues. Each World Environment Day has a special topic that related to the environment that it addresses. The topic for World Environment Day for 2007 was â€Å"Melting Ice – a good Topic?† It discussed the affects the climate change was having on the  polar ecosystems and communities and the resulting global impacts of these changes. The topic for World Environment Day 2006 was Deserts and Desertification and the slogan was â€Å"Don’t desert dry lands† World Environment Day is a day for us to inspect the state of our environment. It calls for us to stop in our tracks one day in the year and examine our surroundings. It asks us to pledge, in a small way at least, to do something for the environment. The young and the old can contribute to the saving of the environment. Not everyone needs to make hefty contributions to world environment organizations. The little things, the ones that really matter are things like recycling our waste, using paper and products made of wood discriminately and these can be done by anybody and everybody. Children can also contribute to this cause by not wasting water, by switching off the lights and fans in the house when not in use. There is something each of us can do to preserve the environment. So let us all pledge to do something, at least one thing. How to cite World Environment Day, Papers

Significant Role of Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Critically analyse the relationship between traits, motives and effectiveness of leaders. Answer: Leadership plays a significant role in any organization. Today organizations are operating in dynamic environment where situations are changing rapidly. The organizations have to face various challenges and the managers who work as leaders in the organization provide guidance to other members to deal with those challenges. Leadership can be defined as an action in which managers influence employees to achieve goals and objectives. The managers set a clear vision for the company and motivate employees by providing them continuous guidance (Bryman, 2007). In the given essay the role of leadership and relation between traits and motives are explained. We have taken Steve Jobs as the role model for all the mangers. The essay also elaborates how Steve Jobs had applied those traits for the growth of the organization. One leadership framework is also showed in the essay. The given paragraph focuses on the role of leadership. Leadership is an important part of management that helps to maximize effectiveness and efficiency and also helps in achieving goals of the organization. The managers who work as leaders formulate plans, policies and strategies and communicate the information to subordinates. Leaders provide motivation to employees. For motivating employees they use economic and non-economic rewards. Leaders build confidence among employees by explaining them their roles and also by giving them proper guidance to attain goals. The main work of mangers or leaders is to get the work done through people. Leaders also help to create an efficient work environment in the organization. In current market condition to meet complex challenges, the leaders formulate specific strategies and motivate employees to perform their task properly. Leaders possess certain traits and motives which are both interrelated. All the traits and motives contribute to leadership effectiveness. Effective leaders have certain characteristics which contribute to the success of the organization. Certain of the personality traits include trustworthiness, self-confidence, extroversion, assertiveness, enthusiasm, emotional stability, high tolerance and a sense of humor. A good leader should have traits such as sense of humor trait which will help in creating friendly relationship with employees (Carlo, Okun, Knight de Guzman, 2005). In many leadership theories personality traits are used to provide definition of good leader. A good leader mainly uses situational leadership theory that suggests that single leadership style cannot be applied in all situations. According to the situations the le aders have to select proper leadership style. Some factors like organization culture, employees behavior, and certain other conditions the leaders consider for selecting the best leadership style for the situation. Some task related personality traits a good leader possesses are flexibility, passion, courage, emotional intelligence and adaptability. All these traits help leaders to perform the work effectively and efficiently (Judge, Piccolo Kosalka, 2009). With all the mentioned leadership traits, the leaders also contain some motives like power motive, strong work ethic, tenacity, drive and achievement. The power motive indicates that the strong leader or a manager require to control other people in the organization. The leaders have to use their powers to influence the behaviors of others. Strong work ethic motive can be understood as the leaders believe in dignity of work. They support strong work ethic in the organization. The leaders assume that group task provide more productive output than individual task. The drive and achievement motive indicates that the leader implements best ideas that can give good returns. Through the efforts of managers who perform effective leadership role in the organization both company and the managers get benefits (De Hoogh et al., 2005). Tenacity motive shows strong determination of leaders. The effective leaders provide creative solution to solve complex problems. There are strong relationship between leadership traits and motives. Successful leaders use leadership traits which provide support to achieve motives. For fulfilling power motive the leaders must have certain characteristics like risk taking, self-confidence, and extra version (Geoghegan Dulewicz, 2008). For maintaining strong work ethic the leaders must possess emotional intelligence, sense of humor, enthusiasm and assertiveness. For accomplishing tenacity motive the leaders must have high tolerance level and for attaining drive and achievement motive the leaders must have certain qualities like courage, enthusiasm, initiative, flexibility, and adaptability. Steve Jobs is the famous name in corporate world. He is the person who is responsible for Apple Companys success. Some major leadership qualities Steve jobs had adaptability, focus, assertiveness, innovative and self-confidence. The major motives of Steve Jobs were tenacity and strong work ethic. Steve Jobs was a motivational leader. He formulated business strategies and motivated employees to work for the betterment and growth of the company. Modern managers can learn leadership qualities from him as he faced various challenges in his life but faced those challenges with full zeal. Steve jobs, was very passionate for his work. He provided right directions to the Apple Company when company was facing many problems (Isaacson, 2012). The leaders should use appropriate framework to provide effective leadership to the organization. The framework or model of leadership helps to deal with complex problems. Michale Fullan has given a leadership model that can be used to implement change in an organization. Fullans leadership model includes 5 major points like moral purpose, relationship building, understanding change, coherence making and knowledge sharing (Knuth Banks, 2006). Mainly the leaders are responsible to introduce change in the organization. The five major elements showed in the framework are explained in below mentioned points. Moral purpose: Moral purpose plays an important role in introducing change in the system. The leaders should perform with the intension of making positive change in the system. The leaders or managers should think about the benefits of the organization. The leaders are motivated by a sense of determination to do valuable for the organization (Wise Jacobo, 2010). Figure 1: Leadership framework Understanding change: The leaders should give focus to understand change before implementing it in the system otherwise change cannot be managed or controlled. The leaders should not introduce complex ideas which cannot be accepted easily by the organization. The managers should give enough time on pre implementation preparation. Leaders should formulate strategies to deal with problems which can be occurred during change implementation process. Relationship building: The simple concept is if relationships in the organization improve then many problems will be solved automatically. Emotional intelligence is a leadership trait that can help to manage conflict in the organization. Effective leaders give efforts to develop harmony in the organization. Knowledge creation and sharing: It means the leaders should give focus to create and share knowledge. Continuous learning method can be used for knowledge creation. For the success of the organization, the members should share the knowledge. Knowledge sharing not only helps in organizational growth but also helps in achieving personal growth (Edwards, 2012). Coherence making: The leaders put efforts to introduce essential change in the system but sometimes change can create disequilibrium in the system. People should understand the change as when changes are taken positively, problems cannot be occurred. Effective leaders make people realize that even in hard time, problems or issues can be discussed productively (Gilley, McMillan Gilley, 2009). Sometimes the leaders have to avoid certain things to maintain equilibrium in the organization. There are also some issues which can have impact on organizational leadership. Many organizations are facing several challenges such as lack of employee cooperation. Employees do not listen to their managers. Sometimes manager who works as leader has to take strict action but the employees do not understand the reason behind the behavior and do not provide support to the manager. One person cannot implement change in the system so leaders require honest feedback from the members but the members do not provide support because they think that it not their work (Howell Shamir, 2005). The leaders need to have many qualities. They cannot always impose their decisions on members. Sometimes the leaders have to listen views of others. Many times the leaders provide directions to others according to their views but the members do not understand the views of leaders. In some organizations due to complex hierarchy structure the members face problems in communication. Lack of communication also creates problem in implementation of organizational leadership (Van Wart, 2013). For the success of the organization effective leadership is required. Modern business world is highly competitive. To survive in the market, organizations need to have strong leadership support. Each organization faces both good time and bad time. In the bad time only leaders can motivate people to deal with the situation. The role of leadership, leadership traits, motives and framework are explained above. Some issues are also mentioned that can influence organizational leadership. To avoid problems employees should understand the views of leaders and leaders should also consider the suggestion of people. Each person should understand the responsibility. The leaders should provide proactive solutions for the upcoming problems and should also explain others the concept so that everyone can understand. Both the leaders and the members should show positive attitude. The members of the organization should work to achieve goals and objectives of the organization. References Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: A literature review. Studies In Higher Education, 32(6), 693-710. Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1293-1305. De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., Thierry, H., Van den Berg, P. T., Van der Weide, J. G., Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Leader motives, charismatic leadership, and subordinates' work attitude in the profit and voluntary sector. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), 17-38. Edwards, A. (2012). The role of common knowledge in achieving collaboration across practices. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 1(1), 22-32. Geoghegan, L., Dulewicz, V. (2008). Do project managers' leadership competencies contribute to project success?. Project Management Journal, 39(4), 58-67. Gilley, A., McMillan, H. S., Gilley, J. W. (2009). Organizational change and characteristics of leadership effectiveness. Journal Of Leadership Organizational Studies, 16(1), 38-47. Howell, J. M., Shamir, B. (2005). The role of followers in the charismatic leadership process: Relationships and their consequences. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 96-112. Isaacson, W. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard Business Review, 90(4), 92-102. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855-875. Knuth, R. K., Banks, P. A. (2006). The essential leadership model. Nassp Bulletin, 90(1), 4-18. Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. Wise, D., Jacobo, A. (2010). Towards a framework for leadership coaching. School Leadership and Management, 30(2), 159-169.

Microeconomics Module †Supply and Demand

Ice-cream is one of the most popular food products in all parts of the world. In 2001 alone, the worldwide production of ice-cream reached an unprecedented 14.1 billion litres (Clarke, 2004). The United States remains an unchangeable leader of the ice cream market, with the annual consumption of approximately 22 litres per capita (Clarke, 2004). More than 90% of American households buy ice-cream and related products on a daily basis (Clarke, 2004). Two-thirds of ice-cream products are eaten outside home (Clarke, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics Module – Supply and Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It goes without saying that a multitude of factors affects the supply and demand of Baskin Robbins ice-cream. The main factors of demand include the number of buyers, income and tastes, price of complementary or substitute goods, as well as future expectations (Petroff, 2002). Any incre ase in consumer incomes will inevitably increase the demand for ice-cream. Changes in tastes can increase or reduce the demand for Baskin Robbins products. For example, consumers will buy more ice-cream from Baskin Robbins, if eating ice-cream becomes a matter of prestige. Simultaneously, consumers may easily switch to other ‘entertainment’ foods like popcorn or candies, if their price decreases. Baskin Robbins must be particularly cautious about consumer expectations, as any changes in future prices may cause serious shifts in the demand for ice-cream. Consumers who expect that food prices will grow may choose to stay away from ‘non-critical’ food products like ice-cream. If other food products become cheaper, consumers may choose to spend more money on Baskin Robbins products. The main determinants of supply include the number of sellers, production costs, new technologies, prices of complementary goods, and future expectations (Petroff, 2002). As the num ber of ice-cream manufacturers increases, Baskin Robbins will have to reduce the supply of ice-cream products and focus on selling and marketing the most competitive product varieties. Lower taxes and new technologies will increase the supply of Baskin Robbins ice-cream products to the market. Price always affects the amount of goods and services which consumers are willing to purchase. Quantity demanded is â€Å"the number of units of a good that consumers are willing and can afford to buy over a specified period of time† (Baumol Blinder, 2008, p.57). Price is the main predictor of the quantity of ice-cream demanded by consumers. The growing price of ice-cream will reduce consumers’ willingness to purchase the product. The demand for ice-cream products is extremely elastic, and changes in price may disproportionately affect the quantity demanded. However, price is not the only factor of changes in the supply and demand of ice-cream.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effects of minimum wages on the market and consumers are well-documented. In 1940, Hagen wrote that any increase in minimum wages would expand the economy’s propensity to consume through changes in income distribution and at the expense of businesses and entrepreneurs. Simply stated, when the government raises the minimum wage, it also increases consumer incomes and the economy’s purchasing power. As a result, consumers will have more money to spend on ice-cream. Simultaneously, any increase in the minimum wage adds to the burden of production costs on firms. Baskin Robbins will have to spend more on wages and salaries for its employees. In this situation, the firm will either have to raise the price of ice-cream or reduce the amount of products supplied to the market. Whatever the choice, Baskin Robbins will have to change its business strategies, to maximiz e its profits under the new market conditions. Conclusion A multitude of factors affects the supply and demand of ice-cream. Price always predetermines the amount of good consumers are willing to purchase. Any increase in the minimum wage will increase consumer incomes and add to the burden of costs on firms. As a result, businesses will have to adjust their strategies, to maximize their profits under the new market conditions. References Baumol, W.J. Blinder, A.S. (2008). Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Boston: Cengage Learning. Clarke, C. (2004). The science of ice-cream. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. Hagen, E.E. (1940). Elasticity of demand and a minimum wage. The American Economic Review, 30(3), 574-576. Petroff, J. (2002). Chapter 1: Demand and supply. Microeconomics. Retrieved from https://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/mic/fram1.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics Module – Supply and Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Microeconomics Module – Supply and Demand was written and submitted by user Neil U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Science Research Paper

Science Research Paper For years consciousness was not researched in the scientific community. The scientific community is very objective and saw the internal mental processes of consciousness as being too subjective to study. Just recently, scientists, philosophers, and psychologists have been rejecting the idea than consciousness is too hard to study and have been attempting to try to understand its true meaning. Consciousness is one of many mysteries in the scientific world that social scientists and neuroscientists presently can’t agree on. Consciousness has been at the center of many discussions in articles and books involving neuroscientists and psychologists. They have been debating over what field will constitute consciousness, psychology or neuroscience. Neuroscience is considered a â€Å"hard science† and Psychology is considered a â€Å"social science.† What do I mean by â€Å"hard science† and â€Å"social science?† A hard science is a science that is completely objective in its research and doesn’t speculate or determine the subjectivity of the area in which it is studying. A social science is a science that deals with the subjectivity of an area of study. Psychology is the science of the human soul. It is the scientific knowledge of the activities and functions of the human soul relating to the brain and consciousness experience. It is concerned with the facts and is objective to a point, but tends to speculate more than a hard science and also develops theories that are not necessarily able to be proven true. Because Psychology uses theories to tie the physical aspects to the psychological ones, it will have a greater role in the near future in explaining the mysteries of consciousness. What is consciousness? Many have tried to define consciousness but none presently have developed a definition that is acceptable to all scientists. Francis Crick, a Professor at Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, defines consciousness as, â€Å"attention and short term memory† (99). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines consciousness as â€Å"immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation or a special awareness or sensitivity.† (174). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language has a more vivid definition of consciousness but neither fully explain all the elements involved in consciousness. Supporters of neuroscience believe that the mystery of consciousness can be solved using technology, and there is no need for social scientists to speculate over why the brain functions in the way it does. They believe in the future they will have the technology to understand all the functi ons of the brain. Psychologists on the other hand believe that technology can’t possibly answer the questions concerning how the brain interprets the things we perceive and what gives rise to subjective experience. David J. Chalmers, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona, categorizes the questions in consciousness into two types of categories. The â€Å"hard problems† and the â€Å"easy problems† (98). The â€Å"easy problems† are concerned with interpreting how the brain’s functions work. They are very objective questions and will probably be answered by neuroscience in the future. An example of an â€Å"easy problem† would be, how do different neurons in different sectors come together at a precise moment and form a picture in our brain? The â€Å"hard problems† deal with the â€Å"why† questions. They ask how the brain’s processes work to bring us a subjective experience. An example of a hard problem would be, why do we b ecome sad when a certain song is played? Other hard problems are how our eyes perceive things and why these neural pathways are connected to the brain. These questions are all questions that cannot possibly be explained by neuroscience, they may however be able to be explained by theories developed by psychologists. So far only the â€Å"easy questions† about consciousness have been addressed by scientists and neuroscientists, and there hasn’t been a theory devised by either neuroscientists or psychologists completely explaining what consciousness is. David J. Chalmers classifies the views of consciousness into two groups, mysterianism and reductionism (97). The reductionists believe that one day consciousness will be fully explained by the methods used only by the hard sciences. There are two key figures in the area of neuroscience that are considered reductionists. Francis Crick of the Salk Institute of Biological Studies in San Diego and Christof Koch of the California Institute of Technology, propose that â€Å"consciousness comes from certain oscillations in the cerebral cortex that fire neurons that are precisely synchronized with different parts of the brain† (99). In this way two pieces of information in the brain come together to make a whole picture. This hypothesis might in time answer one of the easy questions of consciousness but it doesn’t answer the hard question of why these oscillations give us a conscious experience. This explanation of consciousness and many others like it explain how the functions of the brain carry out functions but don’t touch on why the performance of these functions accompany a conscious experience. David J. Chalmers describes mysterians as â€Å"believing that consciousness will never be explained by either psychology or neuroscience† (97). He believes consciousness is very difficult to understand fully, but in time may be resolved by a new theory from the Psychological world. Such a theory would have to envelop physical laws that tell us about behavior in the physical systems of the brain. The new theory would also have to encompass psychological laws that tell us how those systems are associated with conscious experiences. If these two components are combined they will explain all there is to know about consciousness. This theory will not be conclusively testable because there will be a lot of speculation involved, but if the theory coincides with the data gathered from the physical research in experiments done, then it will be considered a good theory. Consciousness will always be a mystery to the â€Å"hard sciencesâ€Å" and the â€Å"social sciences.† Technology will not advance enough to fully explain consciousness in the near future. It will take a huge breakthrough in neuroscience to even begin to explain all the elements that give rise to a conscious experience. The only way consciousness will be explained presently is by a psychological theory that can tie physical aspects into psychological aspects. To accomplish this, one must do some speculation, and if one has to speculate, his theory will not be acceptable to the hard sciences because it isn’t backed by hard facts. There is no plausible way neuroscience can explain all the elements related to consciousness because its technological resources are so limited. Psychology can theorize about why the brain’s functions operate the way they do, but they will ultimately have no way of proving their theories. Both areas of science have their weaknesses, bu t psychology is much closer to explaining the â€Å"why† questions about consciousness than is neuroscience. Neither Neuroscience nor psychology may ever understand consciousness, but psychology is our best bet in our quest to understand the functions of the brain that make us aware, or conscious.

Multinational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multinational Management - Essay Example is a market system, which greatly affects the operation of multinational companies, as they have to devolve more resources to the grass root level to satisfy the local consumption (Sage Publications, 2011). Market economic system on the other hand gets characterized by completion as each person does the best to suit the customers. Cumulative change in decisions by individuals seriously affects the operation of multinational companies as this affects the supply and demand of different commodities. In addition, the market economic system is influenced by tastes as preferences of customers, which vary with changing factors. This greatly affects operations of multinational companies. Various religious ethics affects the environment. To start with is the dominion of religions a factor, which guides where to sell a good and what type of good to sell. For instance, the Christian believers use the bible as their references book, which teaches them to be having dominance over the earth. According to western religions, the natural world exists for the benefit of human (Fernando, 2010). This calls for the existence of intrinsic values that affects the business environment. Apart from dominion stewardship, also exist as a dominant business philosophy. Religious people are regulated by their trust which item to buy and where to use it this greatly affect the business environment. The effects of education on multinational strategies are very diverse. To start with is the increased economic cost in implementation of extra education activities. An organization for instance can engage in education systems to create awareness among the employees on the use of computers. This will increase efficiency however the cost of education in such a scenario will be expensive thereby affecting international businesses. In addition, technological business advancements has been a leading factor that is affected greatly many business organizations. For instance, the introduction of e- commerce

International intervention and Pathways to Peace in Kashmir Essay

International intervention and Pathways to Peace in Kashmir - Essay Example In 1947, the British dominion of India came to an end with the creation of two new nations. Each of the 565 Indian princely states had to decide which of the two new nations to join, India or Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir, which had a predominantly Muslim population and a Hindu ruler, was the largest of these autonomous states and bordered both modern countries. Its ruler was the Hari Singh. Hari Singh preferred to remain independent and sought to avoid the stress placed on him by either India and Pakistan by playing each against the other. But under pressure he decided to accede to India which created this dispute. The Indian claim centers on the agreement between the Maharaja Hari Singh, Jawahar Lal Nehru and Lord Mountbatten according to which the erstwhile Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir became an integral part of India through the instrument of accession. Even though more than 80% of India's population practices Hinduism, the President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, is a Muslim while the leader of the ruling Congress Party is a Catholic. Indians also maintain that Kashmiris would be better off in India because they claim that Muslims are better off in India than in any other non-Muslim nation. India says Kashmir its integral part on the basis of following reasons: 2. 1. For a UN Resolution subscribing Plebiscite monitored by any third neutral party, Pakistan should first vacate its part of Kashmir. 2. India does not accept the Two Nation Theory that forms the basis of Pakistan, rather India says that majority is authority and any nation in India can get power through democratic institutions, hence there is no need of plebscite. 3. The state of Jammu and Kashmir is made autonomous by the article 370 of the Constitution of India. 4. India alleges that most of the terrorists operating in Kashmir are themselves Pakistanis from Pakistan administered Kashmir and that Pakistan has been involved in State sponsored terrorism. First Pakistan should control that cross border terrorism then India would go towards any acceptable solution of the dispute. 5. India regard Pakistan's claim to Kashmir based largely on religion alone to be no longer correct because now India has more muslims than Pakistan. Pakistani view Historically, the Pakistani claim on Kashmir has been based on the fact that the majority of Kashmir population is Muslim and, if given the option, most Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan or seek independence. Since 1951, Pakistan has been demanding India to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir as agreed by both nations in 1951 at UNO forum. Pakistan claims that Kashmiris took a violent path to independence only when they became hopeless and disillusioned about their future in the late 1980s. Pakistan claims that India is now using excessive state forces to suppress the freedom struggle of Kashmiris and in doing so, is causing severe human rights violations in the disputed territory of Indian occupied Kashmir (Peter 2006). This is also documented by several human rights groups. Pakistan further claims that: 1. According to the two-nation theory by which Pakistan was formed, originally Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a absolute Muslim majority. Pakistan believes that given a choice, almost all Kashmiris will vote. 2. India has shown disregard to the resolutions of the UN, by not holding a

Mapp v. Ohio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mapp v. Ohio - Research Paper Example In 1957, it was believed by the Cleveland Police Department that Dollree Mapp and her daughter were hiding a wanted suspected bombing fugitive at their home. Upon demanding entrance into her home, Mapp was advised by her attorney to deny them entrance as they did not possess the proper search papers. As time passed, more officers arrived at her home, still demanding entrance. Tired of being denied, they forced a door open and made their way into Mapp’s house. Immediately, Mapp required them to show proof that they had the authority to enter her house at all; in response, the officers procured a warrant, which turned out to be just a piece of paper completely unrelated to a search warrant. Although Mapp was able to grab the â€Å"warrant†, it was pulled from her later, and when confronted in court, the police were unable to show proof that the document had been real. As the officers searched the house for the bombing suspect, they find a trunk in Mapp’s basement that contains a variety of â€Å"lewd and lascivious (Cohen, 2009)† books and photographs. Even though Mapp claimed that the trunk was being held for a friend, police still arrested her, as the possession of these materials were against Ohio law. However, despite what police found, there was never any hint of a fugitive or any wanted person in the house. All the same, Mapp was convicted by the Court of Common Pleas based on the material that had been found in her home. When Mapp tried to appeal to the Ohio Court of Appeals, she was again to be found in the wrong. She took her case to the Supreme Court of Ohio, where her attorney fought that Mapp has no reason to have been brought to trial as the evidence in question was obtained as the result of an illegal search that had been accomplished without the use of a warrant. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled against Mapp, claiming that the items from the trunk had been taken from an inanimate object and not a human being, allowing the

Legal And Ethical Practice For Learning Disability

Legal And Ethical Practice For Learning Disability The drive towards the provision of person-centred services for people with learning disabilities, has acquired a vast amount of policy makers attention in the United Kingdom (Cambridge, 2008). Valuing People (UK Department of Health, 2001) has been the most fundamental government paper that has prompted a change in the way current health and social care services operate. Collaboration can be seen as an important facilitator in delivering quality healthcare and achieving an holistic care service (Xyrichis et al., 2008). However, previous research focusing on teamwork in healthcare has been criticised for lacking a basic understanding of what this concept represents. This assignment aims to address the importance of inter-professional and multi- professional collaboration within the health and social care domain, when working with adults with learning disabilities. The concept of working together originated under the umbrella term mutli-agency team working; this term dominated the discourse of policy and practice in the first years of the 21st Century. Mutli-agency teams were drawn together from distinct agencies for a set period of time and for a particular task whilst other groups of professionals came together as interagency teams simply for a particular project or case (Anning 2006). An example is a group of health practitioners, social workers and carers, reviewing and monitoring service provision and access to person-centred services for adults with learning disabilities. The government have advocated for Learning Disability Partnership Boards to be set up so as to make it a priority that service users dont fall between the gaps and that they receive sufficient support and access to person-centred services. Clark (1993) states that inter-professional and inter-disciplinary practice can be used interchangeably. Inter-Professional working occurs when two or more professionals collaborate together in order to provide patient-centred care and a better quality of care; for instance the interaction between a general practitioner and a nurse. Multi-professional working occurs when professionals from health related occupations and varying backgrounds come together for a particular case. For example a diabetes team, whose primary function could be to assess, monitor and inform all people with diabetes within a particular catchment population. The team would mostly comprise of a consultant endocrinologist, two diabetes specialist nurses, a dietician and podiatrist. The UK Department of Education (2003) conducted research which shows that a person with a disability is likely to be in contact with more than ten different professionals in their lifetime. Throughout this time, issues can arise which may lead to a lack of continuity and co-ordination of care services. This is the main reason why the government advocates for an integrated approach for health and social care provision. This is not limited to healthcare but also outside of the domain, as different organisations have their own role to play. For instance, disparate services such as education, training, housing and employment need to work together and have a certain level of access to information about a client, whist maintaining patient confidentiality. For example the transition from secondary care to tertiary care such as from hospital to a residential home would require varying levels of expertise. An occupational therapist to examine the environment that the patient will be moving to, a medical practitioner to identify the need for the patient to be moved, a nurse to ensure continuity of care and a social worker to ascertain the level of support required on a day to day basis. The National Health Service (NHS) is the largest organisation in Europe, and is recognised by the World Health Organisation as one of the best healthcare services in the world (Department of Health, 2000). The Healthcare Act (1999) requires NHS organisations to work together in partnership (Glendinning et al, 2001) yet evidence such as the Lord Lamming report suggests that barriers to inter-professional and multi-professional practice still exist. Lord Lammings findings of the Victoria Climbià © inquiry highlighted that poor co-ordination and a lack of communication between agencies, was central to her untimely death. Since the publication of Every Child Matters (Department for Education and Skills 2003) local authorities are now developing innovative solutions for information sharing known as an Information Hub. Clear and effective communication between all parities is required for this to be successful, with specific reference to learning disability, care providers work and plan in different ways such as PATH (Planning Alternative Tomorrows With Hope) therefore it is even more important to clearly document and share information freely in order to foster the implementation of care plans and create value in the best interest of service users, service providers and other professionals. Traditionally, the NHS relied on paper records such as patient files, letters and referral forms. This was subject to unauthorised access, loss, a breach in patient confidentiality and a lack of accurate and up-to-date information. However due to the National Programme for Information Technology (UK Department of Health, 2005) and advances in technology, information sharing is more accessible due to the use of electronic databases which has security mechanisms to prevent malpractice and unauthorised access as well as upholding clinical governance. As outlined in the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) quality record-keeping and evidence based policies are necessary for effective communication. However, this can in turn result in inactive collaboration (Daly 2004) with each professional group having a singular input into patient care. Purtilo and Haddad (1996) state that verbal communication is important in sustaining the relationship between patients and healthcare professio nals. Regular meetings of a multi-professional team with a common care pathway can aid the teams collaboration. Professional identity and patient power, is another factor which must be considered. Leathard (1994) points out that the rivalry between professional groups can inhibit collaborative working. Power struggles within society for example between, experienced colleagues and inexperienced colleagues are barriers towards successful inter-professional working. However, new approaches in care provision such as skill-mixing and a drive towards person-centred services utilises the authority of the patient to govern the priorities of an inter-professional team as well as valuing each member of a team and their contribution. A difference in philosophies of care is also a key factor, as different professional groups have different moral and ethical philosophies in care provision. Such as, the paternalistic approach of a medical practitioner versus the approach of a public health advocate (Daly 2004).Recent research suggests that inter-professional working can lead to verbal abuse; professional au tonomy is challenged when professionals work together in groups. A study conducted by (Joubert, Du Rand, VanWyk.., 2005) reported that nurses experienced high levels of verbal abuse by physicians. A tense environment can lead to poor working conditions and a higher risk of errors (Celik et al 2007). Professionals have different pay brackets, which is defined according to their professional group and then their role within the group. Issues that may arise include resource allocation and funding for staff. At present the UK is involved in global crisis and the economy is central to restoration as jobs are at risk and services are being cut which is a hindrance to mutli-professional working. There staff shortages within the NHS, which can damage interaction between groups and see a decline in collaboration. However, Leathard (1994) states that that advantage of inter-professional lies in the more efficient use of staff. Integrated care lies at the heart of health and social care provision and is at the future management of people with learning disabilities. The Care Programme Approach (CPA) was introduced in 1991 as a framework for people who require support from a range of different care service providers. The aim of the approach was to promote personalisation by consolidating services into a single service known as a care co-ordination model (Goodwin, 2010). The concepts of inter-professional and mutli-professional teamwork can promote effective and efficient patient care. A patient is able to receive expertise specific to the individuals problem, and a team can provide co-ordination which can prevent any aspect of the patients care being overlooked. Professionals are able to share knowledge and skills however it is important to understand how professions can work together amicably as ethical dilemmas can arise. Core values such as altruism, advocacy and integrity are important in health and socia l practice and all staff should adhere to professional codes of conduct. Total Word Count: 1,365 Including Headings and References

Women of the Revolution Essay examples -- History, War, Feminism

Women are frequently overlooked when it comes to history in the 18th centuries. They were there in the flesh for all of the historical events, but they are rarely mentioned. Everyone has heard of the â€Å"Founding Fathers†, but students rarely hear about the â€Å"Founding Mothers† in their curriculum. Although women did not directly plan out our government, they still deserve to be given some credit for it. The roles that women played during the Revolutionary War greatly influenced the outcome of the war and the country that resulted from it. Women had all kinds of roles to play when it came to the Revolutionary War. Although their roles might not seem as important to the public as the other women involved, women at home is one of the many factors that helped keep the United States in the war. Many women just kept control of the house and farm and made sure nothing went wrong (Hanafore). Others housed wounded soldiers that were in need of refuge. A few women even started organizations that regularly sent supplies like food and clothing to the soldiers that were fighting (Zitek). There was even a woman who wrote a book to inform the public of the affairs of the war (Pavao). Esther Reed was one such woman who helped start an organization to help the soldiers who were fighting. Her organization was known as the Philadelphia Association. The Association felt sympathy for the soldiers and decided to take action. They raised money to send to the soldiers, however, George Washington did not approve of this. Instead, the women decided to send warm shirts to the soldiers. They each stitched their names into the shirts they made as a little spirit-raiser to the soldiers out in the cold. The soldiers were reminded that everyone was appreciativ... ...-war-women.html>. "Revolutionary War — Central Intelligence Agency." Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 4 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . "Women and the Revolutionary War." American History and World History at Historycentral.com the Largest and Most Complete History Site on the Web. MultiEducator, Inc.Ê, 2008. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . "Women Spies- Miss Jenny." Spy Letters of the American Revolution. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . Zitek, Carl. "Women in The American Revolution." SCORE History/Social Science. Sunnyslope Elementary School. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. .